Review

Review
Definitions:
Sentence -- Contains at least one "full independent clause"
Clause -- Contains a "subject" and a "predicate"
Phrase -- More than one word, containing a concrete idea
Subject -- One of the following things: A noun with a determiner, a noun without a determiner, an infinitive (or infinitive phrase), a gerund (or gerund phrase), an expletive, an implied subject, a full clause starting with "That", or "it" followed by a co-referent "that"
Predicate -- a phrase that starts with a conjugated verb, sometimes followed by additional information

To Smoke - Infinitive Verb
Smoke - Noun / Base Form of Verb
Smoky - Adjective
Smoked - Past Participle / Adjective

My mother used to smoke at night. ("to smoke" in habitual past tense")
My mother smoked at night. ("to smoke" in simple past tense)
My mother was smoking at night. ("to smoke" in past continuous)

To make a simple present tense sentence in English, we need at least one independent clause:
1) Put the subject
2) Put the predicate, with the verb in Base Form (unless the subject is third person, singular--for this, use the 'plural' base form)
3) Put a "."

To make a simple present tense question with the verb "to be":
1) Put the conjugation of "to be"
2) Put the subject
3) Put the rest of the predicate
4) Put a "?"

To make a simple present tense question with a verb other than "to be":
1) Put the conjugation of "to do"
2) Put the subject
3) Put the rest of the predicate, with the verb in base form.
4) Put a "?"

To make a simple present tense negation with the verb "to be":
1) Put the subject
2) Put the conjugation of "to be"
3) Put the word "not"
4) Put the rest of the predicate
5) Put a "."

To make a simple present tense negation with a verb other than "to be":
1) Put the subject
2) Put a conjugation of "to do"
3) Put the word "not" (or you can make a contraction like 'don't or doesn't')
4) Put the rest of the predicate, with the verb in base form
5) Put a "?"

Practice with Sentences

Notes!

In English we know that there are several 'parts of speech'. These parts of speech are:

Nouns

Persons, Places, Things

Pronouns

Each pronoun has a "person" and a "number"

Subject Pronouns

I - first person, singular
you - second person, singular
he/she/it - third person, singular
we - first person, plural
you - second person, plural
they - third person, plural

Demonstrative Pronouns

This - third person, singular, near
That - third person, singular, far
These - third person, plural, near
Those - third person, plural, far

Verbs

The infinitive form is "To [verb]"
The base form is "[verb]"

There are six different conjugations of each verb for every tense.

Simple Present ("Stative")

The conjugation of the verb is the base form of the verb, for all subject persons and numbers EXCEPT third person, singular.

For third person, singular, we "pluralize" the base form. Instructions to pluralize the base form are on page 65.

Present Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Future Perfect

Articles

A - Non-specific, singular nouns that start with a consonant sound
An - Non-specific, singular nouns that start with a vowel sound
The - Specific, singular or plural nouns

Adverbs
Adjectives
Conjunctions
Interjections

Interjections are words you shout!

Prepositions

We also know that there are several parts of sentences, for example:

Subject
Subject Predicate
Complement
Object

For example to make a sentence, we need a subject and a subject predicate.

Sentences
Subject --> Subject Predicate (--> Complement) [Intransitive Verb] --> .
Subject --> Subject Predicate --> Complement [Transitive Verb] --> .

Questions with "to be"
Subject Predicate --> Subject (--> Complement) [Intransitive Verb] --> ?
Subject Predicate --> Subject --> Complement [Transitive Verb] --> ?

Answers for questions with "to be"
Yes/No --> , --> Subject --> Subject Predicate --> (not) (--> Complement) [Intransitive Verb] --> .
Yes/No --> , --> Subject --> Subject Predicate --> (not) --> Complement [Transitive Verb] --> .

Questions with verbs other than "to be"
Conjugation of the verb "to do" --> Subject --> verb in Base Form (--> Complement) [Intransitive Verb] --> ?
Conjugation of the verb "to do" --> Subject --> verb in Base Form --> Complement [Transitive Verb]--> ?

Answers for questions with verbs other than "to be"
Yes/No --> , --> Subject --> conjugation of "to do" --> (not) --> verb in Base Form (--> Complement) [Intransitive Verb]
Yes/No --> , --> Subject --> conjugation of "to do" --> (not) --> verb in Base Form --> Complement [Intransitive Verb]


In the English alphabet there are twenty-six letters. There are five vowels and twenty-one consonants. The vowels are: A, E, I, O, U